О водороде на английском языке

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МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
федеральное государственное автономное
образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет «МИФИ»
Димитровградский инженерно-технологический институт – филиал НИЯУ МИФИ
Hydrogen, its physical and chemical properties
Подготовил: студент 432 группы
Торгашов Александр Сергеевич
Руководитель: преподаватель Яббарова О.В.

Димитровград
2021

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The term hydrogen
Hydrogen (H, lat. hydrogenium) is a chemical element of the periodic table with the designation H and atomic number 1, the lightest of the elements of the periodic table. Its monatomic form is the most common chemical substance in the universe, accounting for approximately 75% of the total baryonic mass. Stars, except compact ones, mainly consist of hydrogen plasma.
At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless and tasteless, non-toxic diatomic gas with the chemical formula H2, which, when mixed with air or oxygen, is flammable and extremely flammable and explosive. In the presence of other oxidizing gases, such as fluorine or chlorine, hydrogen is also explosive. Since hydrogen readily forms covalent bonds with most nonmetals, most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular compounds such as water or organic substances. Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid-base reactions.

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History of discovery
The release of combustible gas during the interaction of acids and metals was observed in the XVI and XVII centuries at the dawn of the formation of chemistry as a science. Paracelsus first obtained hydrogen by immersing iron filings in sulfuric acid in the XVI century. In 1671, Robert Boyle described in detail the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, in which hydrogen gas is released. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as an individual element, calling the gas released by the reaction of metal with acid "combustible air". He suggested that "combustible air" was identical to a hypothetical substance called "phlogiston", and in 1781 discovered that water was formed when it burned.

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In the Universe
Currently, hydrogen is the most common element in the universe. It accounts for about 88.6% of all atoms (about 11.3% are helium atoms, the share of all other elements taken together is about 0.1%). Thus, hydrogen is the main component of stars and interstellar gas. The widespread occurrence of atomic hydrogen for the first time occurred in the era of recombination. At stellar temperatures (for example, the surface temperature of the Sun is ~6000 ° C), hydrogen exists in the form of plasma, in interstellar space, this element exists in the form of individual molecules, atoms and ions and can form molecular clouds that vary significantly in size, density and temperature.

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The Earth's crust and living organisms
The mass fraction of hydrogen in the earth's crust is 1% - this is the tenth most common element. However, its role in nature is determined not by mass, but by the number of atoms, whose share among the other elements is 17% (second after oxygen, the share of atoms of which is ~ 52%).Unlike oxygen, which exists on Earth in both bound and free states, practically all hydrogen on Earth is in the form of compounds; only a very small amount of hydrogen in the form of a simple substance is contained in the atmosphere (0.00005% by volume for dry air).Hydrogen is a part of almost all organic substances and is present in all living cells, where hydrogen accounts for almost 63% of the number of atoms.

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Production of hydrogen in industry
Conversion of methane with water vapor at 1000 °C:
Passing water vapor over hot coke at a temperature of about 1000 °C:
Electrolysis of aqueous solutions of salts:
Electrolysis of aqueous solutions of active metal hydroxides

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In the laboratory
The effect of dilute acids on metals. To carry out such a reaction, zinc and dilute sulfuric acid are most often used:
Interaction of calcium with water:
Hydrolysis of hydrides:
The effect of alkalis on zinc or aluminum:

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Hydrogen purification
Low-temperature condensation: VSG is cooled to the condensation temperatures of methane and ethane, after which hydrogen is separated by rectification. The process is carried out at a temperature of -158 ° C and a pressure of 4 MPa. The purity of the purified hydrogen is 93-94% with its concentration in the initial VSG up to 40%.Adsorption separation on zeolites: this method is by far the most common in the world. The method is quite flexible and can be used both for the extraction of hydrogen from VSG, and for the post-purification of already purified hydrogen. The degree of hydrogen extraction is 80-85% with a purity of 99%. At the moment, there are more than 250 installations from 0.6 to 3.0 million m3 H2/day. High purity hydrogen is formed — 99.99%.Absorption separation by liquid solvents: This method is rarely used, although hydrogen is obtained of high purity — 99.9%.Concentration of hydrogen on membranes: On the best samples, the method allows to obtain hydrogen with a purity of 95-96%, but the performance of such installations is low. Selective absorption of hydrogen by metals: The method is based on the ability of alloys of lanthanum with nickel, iron with titanium, zirconium with nickel and others to absorb up to 30 volumes of hydrogen.

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Properties of hydrogen isotopes

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Chemical properties of hydrogen
Hydrogen molecules are strong enough, and in order for hydrogen to react, a lot of energy must be expended:
Therefore, at normal temperatures, hydrogen reacts only with very active metals, for example, with calcium, forming calcium hydride:
With most metals and non-metals, hydrogen reacts at elevated temperatures or under other influences, for example, under lighting:
It interacts with soot under strong heating:

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Спасибо за внимание!