Презентация по английскому языку "Появление географических названий в Великобритании"

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Муниципальное бюджетное учреждение общеобразовательной
организации средней общеобразовательной школы №1
Происхождение географических названий
Выполнила Елисеева Ирина ,
ученица 9 «а» класса, МБОУ СОШ № 1,
г. Советская Гавань 2015 г.,
учитель - Андрейчук В.А.

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Aim: find out
“Where do the names of places come from”?

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Tasks
Find out examples of giving names in different countries.
Explain how some places take its names.
Analyze some of them and make a conclusion.

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Contents
Introduction.
Part I
2.1 Science -Toponymy.
2.2 Where do the names of places come from?
2.3 Atlantis.

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Топонимика
– от греческих слов: topos – место, оnyma – имя.
Топонимика – учение о географических названиях той или иной территории, находящихся в повседневном употреблении у людей в процессе их производственной деятельности и общения между собой, т.е. наука, изучающая содержание, происхождение и закономерности развития географических названий.

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We don’t know when men began to give names to the places they lived and to the seas, rivers, lakes and mountains around them. Very often they invented a name that described a place in a certain way, for example,

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Can you answer?
Why was the Black Sea given its name?
Why was the Pacific Ocean given its name and what does “pacific” mean?

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Bear Mountain,
(Медвежья гора)

White Lake
(Белое озеро)

or Big Canyon (Большой каньон)

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The water in the Dead Sea is so salty that nothing can live in it so the reason for the name is clear.



The water in the Black Sea is not black but blue. However, when the ancient Greeks looked to the east, they often saw dark storm clouds over the water, and so they named it the Black Sea.

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The Pacific Ocean is known for its terrible storms.
Yet, on the day when the Spanish explorer, Balboa, first saw it, the ocean was quiet in the bright sunlight, and so he called it the Pacific which means peaceful.

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One of the world’s greatest mystery stories is about the lost continent of Atlantis. It has been the subject of discussion since the days of Plato when he first wrote about it in his “Dialogues”. He had learned of Atlantis from some Egyptian priest.
In 1968 an old wall was found under the water near the coast of Bimini in the Bahamas. This was the exact place where a famous man said Atlantis had existed.

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Linguistic clues
But this is not the only reason to believe that Atlantis might have existed. Another reason is linguistic. In countries which are far apart, there are languages which have words with similar meaning. Take, for example, the word “paradise”.

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According to Plato Atlantis was a “paradise” in which people lived in happiness.
The Greek word for “paradise” is ATLANTIS.
In old English and Welsh, the word for “paradise”
was AVALON. And these people believed that
“paradise” existed somewhere to the west of the British Isles.
The Babylonians used the word ARULU to mean
“paradise” while the Egyptian had the word AARU.
Even some of the African tribes spoke about the
ATARANTES. This was their word for superior people from a western continent.

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On the other side of the ocean, the North and South American Indians thought that “paradise” existed in the east. They believed their civilisation was begun by superior men from a greater continent in the east.

How is it possible that so many people in countries so far apart could have a similar word for a similar place? And what’s more, they all seem to put this place in generally the same location!

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From the names of places we are often able to tell who the people in the past were. There are lots of towns and cities whose names end in – pol. We can be sure, even without reading history books, that the Greeks settled in certain places
during ancient times and gave them their names with – polis which means “city” in Greek.
Liverpool, Blackpoll, Sevastopol….

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Sometimes elements of different languages influence the names of places. In the name of Shakespeare’s birthplace, Stratford-upon-Avon, we see four words from three different languages. In this town, a Roman road (in Latin strata) crossed the Avon (in the Welsh language, the word afon means a river). The English word ford means a place where we can cross a river. So the name Stratford-upon-Avon means the place where the road crosses the river. From this we know that at different times, Roman, Welsh and English people lived here.

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There are also lots of places that have taken their names from famous people, such as San Dimas, Washington, Saratov, Khabarovsk, etc. The process of name-giving is not just a thing of the past. It is very much alive today and shows the main events in a country’s history. For example, Bratsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur speaks of young people of different nationalities who went to the wild taiga and founded a new town there.

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Russia
Let’s speak about the Russian river Kama.
The word Kama has roots in Finno-Ugric language family. It means “river”.
Among the Turkic peoples was known as Chulman, and was considered the origin of the Volga.
Latin – Ҁulman
Udmurt – Kam
The Tuvans call the Yenisei – Kem.

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In Europe and Asia – kem is used.
There is the river Kem in Karelia, the river
Ak – Kem in Altai region.
The Ural river Kama has roots with ancient Indian God Kamy and Sanskrit Kama Sutra.
There is the city Cambridge in the UK (the city on the river).
In Russia there is the Kamchatka Peninsula.
There is the city Kemper in France.
In Russia a shaman was called – kam, there is a word “камлание” .

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Venezuela
“Little Venice”, from Italian Venezuola, the diminutive of Venezia, for the native stilt-houses built on Lake Maracaibo, which reminded the explorers Alonso de Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci of buildings in Venice

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Brazil
The name “Brazil” may have been a translation of the Tupi ibiraptanga, also meaning “red-wood”

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The UK
Latin words started to be used in the names of English places a very long time ago. The Latin word strata later developed into the English word street. The Latin portus became the English port and is seen in the names of many English places: Southport, Portland, Portsmouth.

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The USA
The oldest names of places in the USA are American Indian. They are mostly the names of what people saw in nature: mountains, lakes, rivers, waterfalls. The name of American’s greatest river, the Mississippi, is made from two American Indian words :

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misi (great) and sipi (water).
Like all ancient names, these American Indian names were passed on from father to son by word of mouth. They were not written down, only spoken. Europeans found the names very difficult to pronounce and so they said them in ways closer to their own languages. Even in their changed form, the unusual and poetic sounds of the American Indian words remain:

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Niagara, Chicago, Indio, Lompos….
The Europeans who came to America renamed many of the mountains, lakes and rivers, and gave names to the new towns they built. We can easily tell where Europeans from different countries settled in America by looking at the original names. There are English names in the northeast and of along the eastern coast, for example, New London, Portland, New York. There are Dutch names in many districts New York City (Brooklyn, Harlem)

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and Spanish names in Florida. There are lots of French names (Beaumont) in the southern states and along the Mississippi. The oldest names in the west – in the states of California, Texas and Arizona , New Mexico (Del Mar, El Centro)- are Spanish. There are 11 places which have the name Moscow. We can find places with such name in Canada, France and even in India.

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All these names are language monuments of the early days of American history when the first Europeans arrived in new world.

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Conclusion
Names or parts of names from other languages sometimes indicate who inhabited a place in the past.
Sometimes names of places include elements taken from different languages.
Names of places sometimes refer to certain events in the history of a country.
Words from different languages can often be seen in the names of places in different countries.

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resources
http://www.skitalets.ru/books/names_pospelov/
http://www.coolreferat.com/Английские_топонимы
http://www.familii.ru/onomastika/toponimica/1139-abouttoponim