Проектная работа ученицы 11 класса Тема: “MBTI. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator»

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Individual Project
MBTI
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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Table of Contents
What types are compatible
History of the creation; cognitive roles
Deeper look into the four-letter personality coding
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Definition of MBTI
The compatibility theory
Cognitive functions
Is it proven by Psychology?
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Scientific validity of the MBTI

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Definition of MBTI
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MBTI
Created by Katharine Briggs and Isabel Briggs-Myers
Based on Carl Jung’s book “Psychological Types”
Indicates how people perceive the world
Intro/Extraversion; Sensing/Intuition; Thinking/Feeling; Judging/Perceiving

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Because they share the Thinking trait, these types often aim to make decisions with their heads rather than their hearts. But Analysts are far from being robots. Their Intuitive personality trait energizes their imaginations, helping them to come up with creative strategies and motivating them to explore things deeply – whether that’s an intellectual pursuit, a new interest, or even a crazy scheme or thought experiment.
Analysts

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Analysts in characters
INTJ:
Wednesday Addams
INTP:
Sherlock Holmes
ENTJ:
Cruella de Vil
ENTP:
Tony Stark “Iron Man”

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They prioritize being kind and generous, and in general, they’d rather cooperate than compete. Empathy seems to come naturally to these personalities. It can almost seem as if their hearts and minds resonate with other people’s emotions.

Diplomats

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Diplomats in characters
INFJ:
Daenerys Targaryen
INFP:
Luna Lovegood
ENFJ:
Lily Evans Potter
ENFP:
Jinx

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They feel comfortable with who they are, and they take pride in their good character and their competence. These personality types seek order, security, and stability, and they tend to work hard to maintain their way of things. This leads to a deserved reputation as the cornerstone of any group or organization, from family to church to the office and the factory floor.
Sentinels

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Sentinels in characters
ISTJ:
Squidward
ISFJ:
Dr. John Watson
ESTJ:
Hermione Granger
ESFJ:
Princess Fiona

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These personality types don’t mind handling uncertain situations on the fly – in fact, they live for those types of situations. Explorers’ flexibility helps them to adapt to the moment, even if they don’t feel particularly prepared.
Explorers

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Explorers in characters
ISTP:
Katniss Everdeen
ISFP:
Jane "Eleven" Hopper
ESTP:
Violet
ESFP:
Hürrem Sultan

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Cognitive functions
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3 Essential Things
Types
There are eight cognitive functions, divided into four types
How it works
Each person will have a dominant and auxiliary (supporting) cognitive function.
Difference
Each individual has two cognitive functions, one from the perceiving category and the judging category.

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The starting point is Carl Jung’s theory of cognitive functions. He identified four of them, which he labeled as sensation, intuition, thinking, and feeling. He asserted that everyone would have both a primary function and a supporting or auxiliary function and that understanding each would reveal the secrets of how each person absorbed and processed information and used it to evaluate options and make decisions.

Using Jung’s ideas as a template, Isabel Briggs Myers modified the Myers and Briggs personality typing system to include eight cognitive functions — twice as many as Jung identified. She kept Jung’s initial four functions (identified by the letters S, N, T, and F in the Myers-Briggs typing system), but added ‘extraverted’ and ‘introverted’ options for each (signified by ‘e’ or ‘i’ in lower case).

The Cognitive Functions in theory and practice

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So an ENFJ, to give one example, would have an extraverted Feeling function (Fe) and an introverted Intuition function (Ni). Conversely, an INFP would have an introverted Feeling function (Fi) and an extraverted Intuition function (Ne).

To clarify: extraverted or introverted in this case do not refer to how outgoing someone is (or isn’t). Instead, they relate to the outward or inward focus of each function. Extraverted functions express themselves through an immersion in the external world, while introverted functions are defined by a process of inner self-reflection.

An Example

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The Compatibility
Theory
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Is This Real?
Unfortunately, no. The link between personality type and compatibility is complex, and there's no simple system for predicting who you'll match with. While it isn't as simple as looking at a compatibility chart to find your ideal mate, personality research has pointed to some interesting findings that can improve your chances of finding relationship bliss.

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What research says
When researchers Tieger and Barron-Tieger examined couples on the S/N, T/F, and J/P scales, they found that, in general, more similar couples experienced a higher rate of satisfaction with their partner. However, there were some combinations that worked well despite having fewer preferences in common, and some pairings of similar partners that weren’t quite so successful.

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Some Examples
Some types showed greater partner dissatisfaction in general. Women married to INTP men had the highest level of dissatisfaction, at 31%. INTP is one of the least common types in the population, and INTPs may find it especially important to find a like-minded partner.

Sensing Judgers (ESTJ, ESFJ, ISTJ, ISFJ) have a satisfaction rate of 79% when paired with other Sensing Judgers. These types tend to be traditionalists who value and honor their commitments.

Do not Discuss
Intuitive Feelers (ENFP, INFP, ENFJ, INFJ) have a satisfaction rate of 73% when paired with each other. Intuitive Feelers tend to place a high value on relationships and are the most likely of all the types to devote themselves to healthy relationships and open communication.

Do not Respond
Some types are more likely to marry a person of their same type; this includes male INFPs, INFJs and INTPs and female ENFJs and INFJs
Do not Resuscitate

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Validity of MBTI
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Myers and Briggs felt that personality could be defined in terms of dichotomies, an either-or choice that separates people clearly into one of two camps. For example, in Myers and Briggs' thinking, a person is either an Extravert or an Introvert. Unfortunately, all scientific evidence points to this assumption being false. When measuring levels of Extraversion/Introversion in a population, the distribution of this trait follows a normal curve, with most people being neither particularly Extraverted or Introverted, and a few people showing a clear preference for one style over the other.

Reliability and Validity Problems with the MBTI Assessment

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This issue is closely related to the second major complaint about the MBTI assessment, which is that it has poor test-retest reliability. This means that a person who takes the MBTI assessment on two separate occasions is fairly likely to get different results from one instance to another. Most of this variability is due to the dichotomous nature of the scoring; people who are close to the average score for a particular scale can easily fall on the opposite side of the dichotomy when tested again.

Reliability and Validity Problems with the MBTI Assessment

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It is, in fact, somewhat unscientific to attempt to sort people into types, and trying to do so causes structural issues in designing a related assessment. Some have argued that these problems should prompt us to toss Myers and Briggs' system altogether, in favor of more scientifically sound models like the Big Five. But the public has not caught on, and the MBTI continues to enjoy wide popularity.

Why Does Myers & Briggs' Model Persist?

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Although Myers and Briggs' model of personality has some fundamental flaws, it offers a major advantage over systems like the Big Five—it works the way our brains work. The human mind is built to categorize, and we like categorizing people just as much as anything else. Ever since Hippocrates decided that people could be classified as "phlegmatic" or "choleric," we've been looking for ways to make sense of human behavior by sorting people into groups.
What’s in the end?

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Conclusion
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At this point we can clearly tell that any system has its pros and cons, and MBTI is not an exception. While it has some scientific background, the flaws are too major to call it perfectly valid.

Like any other psychological test it can help with self-discoveries and serve as a source of entertainment and socialization. However, it is important to keep in mind that relying too much on the concept will do you no good.

To Conclude